What is an Aneurysm? Understanding the Causes and Symptoms

Have you ever heard the term "abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)" and wondered what it really means? It’s one of those medical words that might sound intimidating, but understanding it is an important step toward staying informed about your health. And for any heart-related issues, consult the Best Cardiologists at BM Birla Hospital, Kolkata.

In this blog, we’ll discuss everything about abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), its symptoms and preventive measures. 

What is an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)?

An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a medical condition in which your aorta gets swollen, bulges, and has distention. The aorta is the main blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to your abdomen, pelvis, and legs. 

This condition happens when the pressure of blood causes a weakened part of the artery to bulge outward. Sometimes, your blood vessel wall can become weak for other reasons. An abdominal aortic aneurysm usually isn’t painful. You might not know you have this unless it ruptures or bursts. If it does, it can be very dangerous or even fatal.

What are the symptoms of an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

Abdominal aortic aneurysms don't often cause symptoms until they rupture or burst. Many start small and stay small in size, but others grow large over time. If you have growing abdominal aortic aneurysm, you might notice a few symptoms, including: 

• Severe pain in the stomach, lower back, or legs.
• Shortness of breath.
• Fast heartbeat.
• Low blood pressure.
• Dizziness or fainting.
• Nausea or vomiting.
• Clammy, sweaty skin.

What causes an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

Aneurysms can develop anywhere in your aorta. In most cases, it occurs in the belly area, called the abdomen. Various factors contribute to the development of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. It may include:

• Ageing: Arteries weaken naturally over time, increasing the risk.
• High blood pressure:  It strains the aorta, making it prone to bulging.
• Smoking: It is a major factor that can damage blood vessels.
• Genetics: A family history of abdominal aortic aneurysms raises susceptibility.
• Atherosclerosis: Fatty deposits in the arteries weaken the aortic wall.
• Infections or injuries: Rarely, these can contribute to aneurysm development.

Types of aneurysm

Aneurysms can occur in various body parts, depending on which blood vessel is weakened. Below are the main types:

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA):

• It occurs in the abdominal portion of the aorta, the largest artery in the body.
• It is often asymptomatic but can lead to a life-threatening rupture.
• It is common in older adults, especially smokers or those with high blood pressure.

Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (TAA):

• It develops in the thoracic (chest) part of the aorta.
• It may cause chest or back pain, coughing, or difficulty breathing.

Cerebral (brain) aneurysm:

• Also called a "berry aneurysm," it occurs in the blood vessels of the brain.
• It can lead to severe complications like a hemorrhagic stroke if it ruptures.

Peripheral Aneurysm:

• They are found in arteries outside the aorta, often in the legs (popliteal artery), groin (femoral artery), or neck (carotid artery).
• It is less likely to rupture but can cause blood clots or restricted blood flow.

Ventricular Aneurysm:

• It occurs in the wall of the heart's ventricles, often after a heart attack.
• It can weaken the heart's function and lead to complications like arrhythmias.

Splenic Artery Aneurysm:

• It forms in the artery supplying blood to the spleen.
• It is rare but potentially serious, especially in pregnant women.

Mesenteric Aneurysm:

• It occurs in the arteries supplying the intestines.
• It can cause abdominal pain or complications if untreated.

Renal Artery Aneurysm:

• It is found in the arteries supplying blood to the kidneys.
• It is rare and often detected incidentally, but rupture risk exists.
• Each type of aneurysm has unique risks and treatment options, so early detection and regular monitoring are crucial.

What is the treatment for an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

The aim of abdominal aortic aneurysm treatment is to prevent an aneurysm from rupturing. Your doctor will recommend treatment based on the symptoms and size of the aneurysm, which is the main factor that determines its risk of rupturing. The treatment may include: 

Surveillance (Monitoring Small AAAs):

Criteria for surveillance:

• AAA diameter is less than 5.5 cm (in males) or 5.0 cm (in females).
• The aneurysm isn’t causing any symptoms.

Monitoring Frequency:

• Regular ultrasounds or CT scans based on aneurysm size. 
• Larger aneurysms require more frequent imaging.

Lifestyle Recommendations:

• Avoid all tobacco use.
• Eat a heart-healthy diet.
• Exercise regularly, as advised by your doctor.

Medications:

• Manage high blood pressure or high cholesterol to slow aneurysm growth and reduce cardiovascular risks.

Research Advances:

• Ongoing studies explore medications that may stop aneurysm growth.

Surgery for Larger or Symptomatic AAAs:

When Surgery is Needed:

• AAA diameter reaches 5.5 cm (in males) or 5.0 cm (in females), or earlier in specific cases.
• The aneurysm causes symptoms (e.g., pain, discomfort) regardless of size.
• The aneurysm ruptures (emergency surgery required).

Surgical Methods:

• Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR):
• A less invasive option with easier recovery and better short-term outcomes.
• It requires regular follow-ups (ultrasounds or CT scans) to check the graft’s status.

Traditional Open Surgery:

• A more invasive procedure.
• May be safer for certain patients based on age, health, or anatomical factors.

Emergency Treatment for Ruptured AAAs:

• Immediate surgery is critical to save the patient’s life, using either open repair or EVAR, depending on the situation.

Key Notes:

• Treatment depends on aneurysm size, symptoms, and overall health.
• Your provider will help decide the best approach for you. 

The Final Word

An abdominal aortic aneurysm is a serious condition where the aorta weakens and bulges. It often shows no symptoms until it becomes life-threatening. Understanding the causes, such as ageing, smoking, and high blood pressure, and seeking regular check-ups can help prevent complications and ensure timely treatment.

Whom to Consult for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Treatment

If you experience symptoms like persistent abdominal or back pain or have risk factors such as smoking or high blood pressure, don’t wait. Consult with a healthcare provider or vascular specialist today to assess your risk for an abdominal aortic aneurysm and take steps toward prevention and care.

FAQ

 

What is the most common cause of abdominal aortic aneurysm?

Ageing and atherosclerosis (artery hardening due to fatty deposits) are the most common causes.

Can a hernia cause an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

No, a hernia does not cause an abdominal aortic aneurysm, but both conditions can sometimes occur together.

Does abdominal aortic aneurysm cause bloating?

While uncommon, a large aneurysm may press on nearby organs and cause bloating or discomfort.

How to prevent abdominal aortic aneurysm?

Avoid smoking, manage blood pressure and cholesterol, eat a healthy diet, and get regular check-ups.

Is abdominal aortic aneurysm hereditary?

Yes, genetics can play a role, and having a family history of aneurysms increases your risk.