Getting Familiar with Common Heart Valve Diseases

Cardiology | by Dr. Ashok B Malpani | Published on 16/12/2021

What Are Heart Valve Diseases?

The human heart is a vital organ that pumps blood throughout the body. It has four chambers, and each chamber has a valve that regulates blood flow. These valves ensure that blood flows in one direction, and if they become damaged or diseased, they can cause serious health problems.

In this blog, we will discuss the most common heart valve diseases and their treatments.

What Are The Signs & Symptoms Of Heart Valve Diseases?

Heart valve problems cause a variety of symptoms which can vary from one patient to another depending on the severity. Some people with heart valve problems may not experience any symptoms. Therefore, if you suspect heart valve disease symptoms, it is important to see a doctor for a proper diagnosis and treatment. Some of the most common signs and symptoms of heart valve problems include - 

• Shortness of breath - Difficulty breathing, especially during physical activity, is a common symptom of heart valve problems. It can be caused by the buildup of fluid in the lungs due to the heart's inability to pump blood effectively.
• Chest pain or discomfort - Chest pain or discomfort is a symptom that is often associated with heart problems, including heart valve problems. The pain may be sharp, dull, or squeezing, and may be felt in the chest, neck, arms, or shoulders.
• Fatigue - Feeling tired or weak all the time can be a sign of heart valve problems. This may be due to the heart's inability to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.
• Swelling - Swelling in the legs, ankles, feet, or abdomen can be a sign of heart valve problems. This may be due to the buildup of fluid in the body caused by the heart's inability to pump blood effectively.
• Dizziness or fainting - Dizziness or fainting can be a sign of heart valve problems, particularly if they occur during physical activity or when standing up quickly. This may be due to a lack of blood flow to the brain.
• Heart palpitations - Heart palpitations, or an irregular heartbeat, can be a sign of heart valve problems. This may be caused by the heart's inability to pump blood effectively or by the valve not closing properly.

What Causes Heart Valve Disorders?

Heart valve problems can have a variety of causes. In some cases, the primary cause of heart valve problems may be unknown. Additionally, some people may have a higher risk of developing heart valve problems due to risk factors such as a family history of valve disease, certain medications, or other underlying health conditions. Regular check-ups with a doctor can help identify and manage heart valve problems at the earliest.

• Congenital heart defects
• Ageing
• Infections
• High blood pressure
• Atherosclerosis
• Autoimmune disorders
• Previous heart surgeries

Common Heart Valve Disorders & Their Treatment:

There are several types of heart valve diseases depending on the severity and origin. Here are some common types of heart valve disorders and ways in which you can treat them or manage the symptoms. 

• Aortic stenosis - Aortic stenosis occurs when the aortic valve, which regulates blood flow from the heart to the body, becomes narrowed. This narrowing reduces blood flow and can cause chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. The most common cause of aortic stenosis is ageing, but it can also be caused by birth defects, infections, or previous surgeries.

Treatment - The treatment for aortic stenosis depends on the severity of the condition. Mild cases may not require treatment, but severe cases may require valve replacement surgery or a minimally invasive procedure called transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR).

• Mitral regurgitation - Mitral regurgitation occurs when the mitral valve, which regulates blood flow from the heart's left atrium to the left ventricle, does not close properly, causing blood to flow backwards into the left atrium. This can cause shortness of breath, fatigue, and heart palpitations.

Treatment - Treatment for mitral regurgitation depends on the severity of the condition. Mild cases may not require treatment, but severe cases may require valve repair or replacement surgery.

• Mitral stenosis - Mitral stenosis occurs when the mitral valve becomes narrowed, making it difficult for blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. This can cause shortness of breath, fatigue, and heart palpitations.

Treatment - Treatment for mitral stenosis may include medication to relieve symptoms, but severe cases may require valve replacement surgery.

• Tricuspid regurgitation - Tricuspid regurgitation occurs when the tricuspid valve, which regulates blood flow from the heart's right atrium to the right ventricle, does not close properly, causing blood to flow backwards into the right atrium. This can cause fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling in the legs and abdomen.

Treatment - Treatment for tricuspid regurgitation depends on the severity of the condition. Mild cases may not require treatment, but severe cases may require valve repair or replacement surgery.

Conclusion:

Heart valve diseases can be severe and require prompt treatment. If you experience any symptoms of heart valve disease, such as shortness of breath, fatigue, or chest pain, you should seek medical attention immediately. Treatment options for heart valve diseases include medication, minimally invasive procedures, and valve repair or replacement surgery. Your doctor can help determine the best treatment option for your individual case.

FAQ

How serious is heart valve replacement surgery?

Heart valve replacement surgery is a major procedure which may involve a significant amount of risks. Therefore, talk to your doctor to know about the health risks and benefits of the procedure. 

Can a heart valve be replaced without open heart surgery?

Yes, heart valve replacement can be done with a surgical procedure called TAVR (transcatheter aortic valve replacement) which is a minimally invasive procedure. The surgeon uses a catheter to treat patients who are at a greater risk of complications from open heart surgery. 

Can heart valve problems be treated with medication?

While medications cannot completely treat heart valve diseases, they can help manage mild to moderate symptoms. Discuss the symptoms with the doctor to know the best treatment for your heart condition.

Can mitral valve prolapse cause a heart attack?

No, mitral valve prolapse does not increase the risk of a heart attack. However, there may be symptoms which can resemble a heart attack. It is important to discuss your condition with the doctor to avoid the risk of major cardiac issues.