Is Preeclampsia Fatal During Pregnancy?

For hopeful new parents, pregnancy is filled with hope and anticipation. Yet, for some women, this beautiful experience is interrupted by unexpected challenges. Imagine the joy of expecting a baby overshadowed by a sudden spike in blood pressure levels, unusual swelling in hands or face, and constant worry of something untoward. Preeclampsia is a silent predator which can be warded off with proper medical monitoring. Let us help you understand how you can avoid preeclampsia to ensure a safe pregnancy & a healthy baby. However, kindly note that it is for informational purposes only. For expert consultation, book your appointment with Best Gynecologist In Kolkata at CMRI Hospital, Kolkata.

Key Highlights

• Preeclampsia is a high blood pressure triggered condition found in the 3rd trimester or postpartum. 
• After the 20th week of pregnancy or within 6 weeks after delivery is when the risk is high.
• Geriatric pregnancies and high risk pregnancies are at higher risk of preeclampsia. 
• Blurry vision, swelling in hands or face, severe headaches or abdominal pain are vital symptoms.
• If preeclampsia is not treated on time it may cause preterm birth and even death. 
• Preeclampsia creeps in silently, so ensure you are well monitored during your prenatal care visits.

What is Preeclampsia?

Preeclampsia is a complex pregnancy condition that is typically found in the final trimester of pregnancy. Here is a snapshot for your ready reckoning: 

Timing of preeclampsia	20+ weeks of pregnancy or up to 6 weeks postpartum.
Who is at higher risk of preeclampsia?	Geriatric or high risk pregnancies, or mothers with high blood pressure levels.
Hallmark symptoms of preeclampsia	high blood pressure protein in the urine (proteinuria) severe headaches potential damage to kidneys or liver

Preeclampsia is not just a medical term—it’s a lived experience that can turn a joyous time into one fraught with uncertainty. While globally it has a mere 5-8% chance of occurrence in all pregnancies, its level of fatality is high if not intervened on time. With awareness, regular prenatal care, and timely medical action, most women and their babies can experience healthy outcomes.

Types of Preeclampsia

• Mild Preeclampsia: In these cases there might be an elevated blood pressure level with proteinuria. However the complications are much less. Careful monitoring can effectively rule out severe outcomes.
• Severe Preeclampsia: Here the blood pressure readings become dangerously high. This also triggers problems in other organs: reduced kidney function, elevated liver enzymes, or fluid in the lungs. If ignored, the situation can turn fatal. 
• Postpartum Preeclampsia: Usually within 48 hours to six weeks postpartum, this underscores the importance of continued monitoring even after childbirth.

Recognising Symptoms of Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia doesn’t always announce itself with obvious symptoms, which is why routine prenatal check-ups are essential. However, some warning signs should never be ignored:

• Persistent high blood pressure is recorded at various times (Anything beyond 140/90 mmHg or higher at separate occasions). 
• Presence of excess protein in urine (proteinuria) can indicate the problem developing in the kidneys.
• Complaints of severe headaches not responding to medications.
• Visual disturbances like blurring, sensitivity to light, seeing spots, etc.
• Sudden swelling observed in the mother’s face, hands, or feet demand immediate attention. 
• Upper abdominal pain under the ribs typically on the right side due to liver issues.
• Shortness of breath can be indicative of fluid build-up that may lead to difficulty in breathing. 

Seeking prompt medical attention in these situations may prevent the condition from escalating to more fatal outcomes.

Causes of Preeclampsia and Risk Factors 

Preeclampsia is directly linked to abnormal placental development. During pregnancies blood vessels present in the placenta expand. But with preeclampsia triggered, these blood vessels don't develop properly, impairing the flow of blood and nutrients to the baby. The various factors that lead to these are: 

• First Pregnancy: Women experiencing their first pregnancy are more likely to develop the condition, especially if this is later than 35 years of age and with multiple births involved. The same applies to couples having a second child with a gap of almost 10 years after their first.
• Family History: If your mother or sister had preeclampsia, you’re at a congenital disadvantage of developing preeclampsia.
• Pre-existing Conditions: Chronic hypertension, diabetes, or kidney disease may also trigger preeclampsia symptoms.
• Obesity: Excess weight gain during pregnancy or BMI of 30 and higher, can strain the cardiovascular system, further increasing the risk of preeclampsia.

Risks and Complications

Untreated preeclampsia may cause severe complications for both mother and baby, however, ironically delivery is the only definitive treatment option. 

• Preterm Birth: Due to complications from preeclampsia early delivery and preterm birth is a necessary outcome. But it may end up causing respiratory distress or developmental delays in the baby.
• Eclampsia: This is when preeclampsia goes beyond control with seizures. This is potentially life-threatening and may cause lifelong problems.
• Placental Abruption: During birth the placenta may detach from the uterine wall due to preeclampsia. This will cause severe bleeding that will endanger both the mother and her child.
• HELLP Syndrome: A rare but serious condition involving Hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells), Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelet count.

Diagnosis: How Experts Identify Preeclampsia?

Diagnosis includes monitoring blood pressure, urine protein levels, and organ function. Please ensure your healthcare team regularly monitors every development in the 3rd trimester. A combination of tests and clinical evaluations, starting with regular blood pressure checks during prenatal visits. If preeclampsia is suspected, doctors may perform the following:

• Urine Tests: To measure protein levels.
• Blood Tests: To assess liver function, platelet count, and signs of hemolysis.
• Ultrasound: To monitor the baby’s growth and check placental health.
• Fetal Monitoring: To ensure the baby’s heart rate and overall well-being.

Treatment varies on the severity of the condition and the stage of pregnancy:

• Mild Cases: Regular monitoring and rest
• Severe Cases: Delivery may be necessary, sometimes before term, to safeguard mother and baby

Postpartum monitoring is also critical, as symptoms can persist or develop after delivery. Regular follow-up appointments help ensure the mother’s full recovery.

Emotional and Mental Well-being

Dealing with preeclampsia can be emotionally taxing. At all times remember these important reminders: 

• Feelings of fear, anxiety, and guilt are common. 
• Remember that this condition is not your fault. 
• Surround yourself with a supportive care team. 
• Leaning on family and friends in hours of need. 

Anxiety can trigger your blood pressure too. So seek counseling or join support groups for high-risk pregnancies, for a sense of comfort and community.

Finding Hope Amidst Challenges

Though preeclampsia is serious, it is manageable with timely care and intervention. Stay informed, stay up-to-date with prenatal check-ups, and consult your OBGYN if you notice any unusual symptoms. Pregnancy is a transformative journey for both the child and the parent. Overcoming hurdles is part of the whole drill. The right help and support will help you and your child to great lengths.