Hysterectomy: Reason, Types, Side, Procedure & Complications

A hysterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the uterus (womb). Depending on the type of condition, your doctor may remove the cervix, ovaries, or fallopian tubes. After the procedure, you’ll no longer have a period or be able to conceive. 

So, if you’re considering this option, it is important to first understand its procedure, risks, and recovery. In this guide, we’ll explain everything you need to know. If you or any of your family members are facing this issue, you can consult the Best Hysterectomy Doctor at CMRI, Kolkata.

What is a hysterectomy?

A hysterectomy is an operation to remove the uterus (womb)—the place where a baby grows during pregnancy. Uterus removal is a more common treatment for various conditions that affect women’s reproductive organs, such as:

• Heavy period
• Uterine fibroids
• Endometriosis
• Pelvic support problems (such as uterine prolapse)
• Abnormal uterine bleeding
• Chronic pelvic pain
• Gynecologic cancer

Depending on your condition and symptoms, your doctor may also remove the cervix, fallopian tubes, or ovaries. After this surgery, you will no longer have menstrual periods or be able to become pregnant. However, it is a major operation that is associated with risk, compilation and side effects. Recovery usually takes four to six weeks, depending on the type of surgery you have. 

What are the types of hysterectomy surgery?

There are different types of hysterectomy procedures based on how much of the uterus is removed:

1. Total hysterectomy: It removes the entire uterus and cervix. This is the most common type.
2. Partial (subtotal) hysterectomy: It removes only the upper part of the uterus, keeping the cervix intact.
3. Radical Hysterectomy: It removes the uterus, cervix, and surrounding tissues, including parts of the vagina. This is usually done for cancer treatment.
4. Hysterectomy with oophorectomy: It removes the uterus along with one or both ovaries and fallopian tubes. 

Hysterectomy surgery can be performed in different ways:

• Abdominal hysterectomy: The uterus is removed through an incision in the lower belly. This is often recommended if your uterus is large or if the doctor needs to examine nearby organs.
• Vaginal hysterectomy: The uterus is removed through a small incision in the vagina.
• Laparoscopic or robotic hysterectomy: A less invasive approach using tiny cuts in the belly with special instruments.

Your doctor will help you decide which type of hysterectomy surgery is best for you. 

What are the reasons for hysterectomy?

Doctors recommend hysterectomy surgery for several health issues, such as:

• Fibroids: Non-cancerous growths in the uterus causing pain, heavy bleeding, and discomfort.
• Endometriosis: A painful condition where uterine-like tissue grows outside the uterus, leading to chronic pain and infertility.
• Uterine Prolapse: When the uterus slips down into the vagina due to weak pelvic muscles, causing pain and urinary problems.
• Cancer: In cases of uterine, cervical, or ovarian cancer, hysterectomy is often the best treatment option.
• Chronic Pelvic Pain: Severe, long-term pain that does not improve with other treatments.
• Adenomyosis: When the uterine lining grows into the muscle layer of the uterus, causing heavy bleeding and pain.
• Severe Infections: Some infections, if untreated, can lead to complications requiring hysterectomy.

What is a hysterectomy procedure?

The hysterectomy steps depend on the type of surgery. Here’s a general process:

• Pre-Surgery Preparation: The patient undergoes medical tests and consultations with the doctor.
• Anaesthesia: The patient is given general or spinal anaesthesia to prevent pain.
• Incision: The surgeon makes an incision in the abdomen or vagina, depending on the technique used.
• Removal: The uterus and, if necessary, other reproductive organs are carefully removed.
• Closure: The incision is closed with stitches, staples, or surgical glue.
• Recovery: The patient stays in the hospital for a few days before being discharged.

While this may sound intimidating, modern surgical techniques have made hysterectomy much safer with faster recovery times. It’s natural to have concerns, so don’t hesitate to ask your doctor questions before surgery.

What are the complications after hysterectomy?

Like any surgery, a hysterectomy carries some risks. Some common hysterectomy side effects include

• Pain and swelling: Mild to moderate discomfort is normal and managed with pain medication.
• Infection: It can occur at the incision site or internally. Proper wound care helps prevent infections.
• Hormonal changes: If ovaries are removed, menopause starts immediately, leading to symptoms like hot flashes and mood swings.
• Urinary issues: Some women may experience difficulty urinating or increased frequency.
• Emotional changes: Some feel sadness, depression, or mood swings after hysterectomy.
• Bowel problems: Constipation or bloating may occur in the first few weeks after surgery.
• Scar tissue formation: Internal scarring may cause discomfort or pain.

If you experience any severe pain, fever, or unusual symptoms after hysterectomy, contact your doctor immediately. Recovery is different for every woman, so it’s crucial to listen to your body and take care of yourself.

Life After Hysterectomy

Recovery after hysterectomy varies for each woman. Here are some key aspects of life after surgery:

• Healing Time: Most women take 6-8 weeks to fully recover from abdominal hysterectomy and 2-4 weeks for minimally invasive procedures.
• Hormonal Changes: If the ovaries are removed, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may be needed.
• Sexual Health: Some women notice changes in libido, while others experience improved comfort if pain was a problem before surgery.
• Physical Activity: Light activities can be resumed after a few weeks, but heavy lifting should be avoided for several months.
• Emotional Well-being: Counselling or support groups can help women adjust emotionally after the surgery.

Many women worry about how they will feel after hysterectomy. Will they feel different? Will their relationships change? These concerns are valid, but remember, your health comes first. If a hysterectomy improves your quality of life, it can be a positive step forward. Surround yourself with supportive friends and family who can help during your recovery.

Final Thoughts

A hysterectomy is a major surgery, but for many women, it brings relief from chronic pain and health issues. Every woman’s experience is different, so take the time to understand your options and consult with your doctor. Prioritise your well-being, and don’t hesitate to seek support during your recovery. Your health comes first.

FAQ

Is a hysterectomy considered major surgery?

Yes, a hysterectomy is a major surgical procedure that involves removing the uterus and may require weeks of recovery.

What is a vaginal hysterectomy?

A vaginal hysterectomy is a surgical procedure where the uterus is removed through the vagina, typically resulting in a shorter recovery time.

How can weight gain be avoided after a hysterectomy?

Maintaining a balanced diet, regular exercise, and a healthy lifestyle can help prevent weight gain after a hysterectomy.

Is a hysterectomy a safe procedure?

Yes, hysterectomy is generally safe when performed by a qualified surgeon, though it carries some risks like any major surgery.