Understanding Breast Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

Medical Oncology | Posted on 12/12/2024 by Dr. Umesh Khandelwal

Finding a lump in your breast can be scary and confusing. Such a sudden discovery triggers panic and you may start wondering if it is the indication of something much more serious like breast cancer. It is quite normal to get such thoughts, but there is no need to panic. Before you jump to any conclusion, it is important for you to understand that all lumps are not cancer. In this blog, we’ll discuss breast cancer, its symptoms, and how it can be treated. Please note, this blog is for informational purposes only. If you or any of your family members are experiencing similar symptoms, please consult the best oncologist at CK Birla Hospital, Jaipur.

Before we start, here are some facts you must consider!

According to the ICMR report, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in India, accounting for 27% of all cancers in women. 

As per ICMR CANCER PREVENTION INSTITUTE reports, India sees approximately 1.8 to 2 lakh new breast cancer cases each year, and this number is steadily increasing due to factors like better detection and lifestyle changes.

An INDIA TODAY report shows breast cancer is more common in women over the age of 50, but there has been a worrying rise in cases among young women, particularly those under 40.

What is breast cancer?

• Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer that affects women. 
• It develops in any tissue of your breast, but it commonly occurs in the lobules and ducts. 
• It happens when cancerous cells in your breasts grow abnormally and form tumours. 
• The types of breast cancer depend on which cells turn into tumours or cancer. 

Some types of breast cancer are found in both men and women. Although it is uncommon in men. But transwomen and non-binary people can be affected by this disease. In the majority of breast cancer cases, tumours often metastasise to other areas of the body. And, if it happens, it could be deadly. 

What are the stages of breast cancer? 

Cancer is categorised into four stages based on the size and location of the tumour, as well as whether or not it has begun to spread. There are four stages of breast cancer, from 0 to 4 (0 to IV). If your cancer stage is lower, it means your risk of the cancer spreading is also lower.

Stage 0	Stage 1	Stage 2	Stage 3	Stage 4
It is the earliest stage, called non-invasive or precancer.	The cancer is in its early stages and has started to invade nearby breast tissue.	The tumour usually has grown or spread to nearby areas, like lymph nodes.	The cancer has reached the breast, nearby lymph nodes, or surrounding tissues.	It may also move beyond the breast and lymph nodes to other areas of the body.
The tumour is still tiny in size and contained within a limited area.	Stage 2A: A tumor about the size of a grape (up to 20 mm) might spread to lymph nodes. If the tumour is between 20 and 50 mm, it usually hasn’t spread to lymph nodes.	Stage 3A: Larger tumors (over 50 mm) may involve 1–3 lymph nodes. Or, cancer is in 4–9 lymph nodes.	In some cases, the cancer reaches distant organs such as the lungs, liver, brain, or bones.
There might not be noticeable signs if it spreads to nearby healthy tissues.	You might not notice symptoms even if the cancer spreads to nearby tissues.	Stage 2B: A tumour measuring 20–50 mm may affect 1–3 lymph nodes. Or, it’s larger than 50 mm but hasn’t spread to lymph nodes. This stage is still treatable with a good chance of recovery.	Stage 3B: A tumour has invaded the chest wall or skin, causing swelling, inflammation, or wounds. It might spread to lymph nodes located in the armpits or to nodes located near the breastbone.	This stage can occur at the initial diagnosis or as a recurrence of earlier-stage cancer.
It’s highly treatable, with an excellent chance of preventing progression.	Treatment during this stage often works very well.	Stage 3C:If cancer has spread to 10 or more lymph nodes, the collarbone area, or both, it indicates more advanced progression.	Treatment prioritises managing the cancer and enhancing quality of life.

What are the symptoms of breast cancer?

What is the cause of breast cancer?

Breast cancer occurs when breast cells begin to grow uncontrollably, creating a mass or lump. While the exact cause isn’t always clear, there are various factors that can be responsible, like genetics, hormonal changes, lifestyle choices, and environmental exposures.

What are the treatment options for breast cancer?

Breast cancer treatment depends on factors like the tumour's type, stage, location, and growth rate. Several treatment options are available, including:

Surgery

• Surgery can involve removing the tumour (lumpectomy) or the entire breast (mastectomy).
• May include lymph node removal to check for spread.

Chemotherapy

• Uses powerful drugs to destroy cancer cells or shrink tumours before surgery.
• Treatment can also aim to lower the chances of the cancer coming back.

Radiation Therapy

• Radiation therapy uses powerful energy beams to destroy cancer cells.
• It is often given after surgery to remove any leftover cancer cells.

Hormone Therapy

• Hormone therapy works by blocking hormones like oestrogen or progesterone, which help the cancer grow.
• Effective for hormone-sensitive cancers.

Targeted Therapy

• Focuses on specific proteins or genes in cancer cells (e.g., HER2-positive cancer).
• Minimises damage to healthy cells.

Immunotherapy

• Boosts the immune system to fight cancer.
• Used for specific types of breast cancer.

How do I prevent breast cancer?

While it’s not possible to prevent all cases of breast cancer, adopting healthy lifestyle choices can help reduce the risk. Here are eight tips that can help keep cancer away for long:

• Maintain a Healthy Weight: Being overweight, particularly after menopause, can elevate risk.
• Stay Physically Active: Try to get at least 30 minutes of physical activity on most days.
• Eat a balanced diet: include fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and limit processed foods and red meat.
• Reduce alcohol intake: Even moderate drinking can raise the likelihood of breast cancer.
• Avoid smoking: Smoking is associated with an increased risk of various cancers, including breast cancer
• Consider breastfeeding if possible. It may help lower the risk of developing breast cancer.
• Schedule regular screenings: Mammograms and self-checks are crucial for detecting changes early when treatment is most effective.
• Consider Hormone Therapy Carefully: Discuss the risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy with your doctor.

The Final Word

Breast cancer can be life-changing, but early detection and treatment make a huge difference. Stay proactive by knowing the symptoms, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and scheduling regular check-ups. Remember, your health is your priority—don’t ignore any changes. 

Whom to Consult

If you notice a lump, changes in your breast, or experience unusual symptoms, don’t wait; contact the best breast cancer doctor or Oncologist immediately. 

FAQ

What are the symptoms of stage 3 breast cancer?

Stage 3 breast cancer symptoms include a larger lump, changes in breast shape, swelling in the chest or underarm, and redness or thickening of the skin. The cancer may have spread to nearby lymph nodes, causing noticeable swelling.

Can Breast Cancer Be Cured?

Yes, many cases of breast cancer can be cured, especially when detected early. Even advanced stages can be managed with modern treatments, giving hope for prolonged and fulfilling lives. Early detection and personalised care are key.

Can Males Have Breast Cancer?

Yes, men can develop breast cancer, but it’s very rare. Symptoms include lumps, changes in the nipple, or swelling. Early diagnosis is crucial, so men should consult a doctor if they notice unusual changes.

Is breast cancer hereditary?

Breast cancer can be hereditary if linked to gene mutations like BRCA1 or BRCA2. A family history increases risk, but not all cases are genetic. Genetic testing and screenings can help identify and manage risk.