Hyperthyroidism: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Medication

Endocrinology | by Dr. Kalyan Kumar Gangopadhyay | Published on 04/09/2024

Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a common yet often misunderstood condition that affects millions of people across the world. It occurs when the thyroid gland, a small but powerful organ in the neck, goes into overdrive, producing more hormones than the body needs. This overactivity can lead to a range of symptoms that impact daily life, making it crucial for individuals to recognize and manage the condition effectively. 

Understanding hyperthyroidism is essential for ensuring timely intervention and maintaining overall health. In this blog, you will find a detailed discussion on this topic, so make sure to stay tuned till the end. However, please note that this is research-based information and does not replace the relevance of a doctor’s consultation for more book an appointment with best endocrinologists in kolkata,CMRI. 

What is Hyperthyroidism?

Hyperthyroidism, or an overactive thyroid, is a prevalent condition where the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of hormones, particularly thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones regulate vital bodily functions such as metabolism, heart rate, and body temperature. The thyroid, a butterfly-shaped gland located at the front of the neck, plays a critical role in maintaining the body's balance. When it produces too much or too little hormone, the entire body can be negatively affected, necessitating prompt medical intervention.

What is the Difference Between Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism?

For accurate diagnosis and management, understanding the differences between hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism is crucial. Here are what the primary differences between these two include:

1. Thyroid Hormone Levels:

• Hyperthyroidism: Excessive production of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4).
• Hypothyroidism: Insufficient production of thyroid hormones.

2. Metabolic Rate:

• Hyperthyroidism: This leads to an increased metabolic rate, causing symptoms like weight loss and increased appetite.
• Hypothyroidism: Results in a decreased metabolic rate, leading to weight gain and reduced appetite.

3. Symptoms:

• Hyperthyroidism: Symptoms include rapid heartbeat, anxiousness, shakiness, sweating, and heat sensitivity.
• Hypothyroidism: Symptoms include fatigue,depression, dry skin, constipation, and cold sensitivity.

4. Causes:

• Hyperthyroidism: Common causes include Graves' disease, thyroid nodules, and thyroiditis.
• Hypothyroidism: Often caused by iodine deficiency, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, or thyroid surgery.

5. Treatment:

• Hyperthyroidism: Treatments may include antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine, or surgery.
• Hypothyroidism: Typically treated with synthetic thyroid hormone replacement (levothyroxine).

What Are the Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism?

When the thyroid gland produces excessive hormones, it accelerates the body's metabolism, leading to various symptoms that can affect the entire body. Common symptoms of hyperthyroidism include:

• Diarrhoea
• Shortness of breath
• Nervousness, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, mood swings
• Goiter (enlarged thyroid)
• Muscle weakness
• Menstrual irregularities (lighter or irregular periods)
• Increased appetite
• Heat sensitivity
• Itchy skin
• Unexplained weight loss
• Frequent bowel movements and urination
• Rapid heartbeat and palpitations

What Are the Causes of Hyperthyroidism?

Several medical conditions can lead to hyperthyroidism:

• Graves' Disease: An autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the thyroid, causing excessive hormone production. More common in women.
• Thyroid Nodules: Lumps or growths in the thyroid gland that produce extra hormones. Some nodules may be cancerous.
• Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland, which can be painful or silent. It often occurs postpartum and may lead to hypothyroidism.
• Excessive Iodine Intake: Overconsumption of iodine, often from supplements, can trigger hyperthyroidism. Regular consultation with a healthcare provider is crucial to manage iodine intake.

How is Hyperthyroidism Diagnosed?

Diagnosing hyperthyroidism involves several steps:

Physical Examination: The healthcare provider may feel the thyroid gland to check for enlargement, tenderness, or nodules. Signs of Graves' disease, such as eye-bulging, may also be examined.

Blood Tests: Thyroid function tests help measure the T3, T4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels to identify if the thyroid is overactive.

Imaging Tests:

• Radioactive Iodine Uptake Test: Measures how much iodine the thyroid absorbs to evaluate hormone production levels.
• Thyroid Scan: Identifies nodules, swelling, inflammation, or cancer in the thyroid by measuring radioactivity.
• Thyroid Ultrasound: Uses sound waves to create images of the thyroid, helping to detect nodules or other abnormalities.

What Are the Options for Hyperthyroidism Treatment?

Treatment for hyperthyroidism varies based on the severity and cause:

Medications:

• Antithyroid Drugs: Medications like methimazole and propylthiouracil reduce hormone production but require long-term use and monitoring for side effects.
• Beta-Blockers: These help control symptoms like tremors and rapid heart rate without directly affecting hormone levels.

Radioactive Iodine Therapy:

• Radioactive Iodine (RAI): Administered orally, RAI targets and destroys overactive thyroid cells, often leading to hypothyroidism, which requires lifelong hormone replacement.

Surgery:

• Thyroidectomy: Partial or total removal of the thyroid gland is an option for patients who cannot tolerate other treatments or have large goitres or suspected thyroid cancer. Risks include hypothyroidism and potential damage to the vocal cords or parathyroid glands.

Lifestyle and Supportive Measures:

• Dietary Modifications: While diet alone cannot cure hyperthyroidism, a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D supports bone health. Patients should avoid excessive iodine intake.
• Regular Monitoring: Continuous monitoring of thyroid function is essential to ensure treatment efficacy and adjust therapy as needed.

Conclusion

Managing hyperthyroidism involves a personalised approach, with treatment options ranging from medications to more definitive therapies like radioactive iodine and surgery. Early diagnosis and appropriate intervention are crucial to minimising complications and improving the quality of life for those affected by this common condition.

FAQs

Where is the thyroid gland located?

The thyroid gland is situated just below Adam's apple at the front of the neck. It has a butterfly shape, with two lobes on either side of the windpipe connected by the isthmus. This gland plays a vital role in regulating metabolism.

Is hyperthyroidism dangerous?

Yes, if left untreated, hyperthyroidism can lead to serious complications such as heart problems, bone loss, and thyroid storm, a potentially fatal condition. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent these risks.

Can hyperthyroidism be cured?

Hyperthyroidism can often be managed effectively and, in some cases, cured. Treatment options include medications, radioactive iodine therapy, and surgery, depending on the underlying cause and patient preferences.

Can hyperthyroidism cause weight gain?

While hyperthyroidism typically leads to weight loss due to an accelerated metabolism, some individuals may experience weight gain, especially after treatment as the metabolic rate normalises or shifts to hypothyroidism.

Does hyperthyroidism cause infertility?

Hyperthyroidism can cause infertility by disrupting the menstrual cycle in women and reducing sperm count in men. Proper treatment often restores fertility in most cases.