Adolescent medicine:

• Adolescent medicine is mainly concerned with medical, social, sexual and emotional issues faced by small children and teenagers. 
• It deals with problems like reproductive health, eating disorder, substance abuse, irregular periods, mood swings, actually transmitted diseases, and birth control. 
• Adolescence medicine also deals with mental illnesses like anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. 
• The treatments go beyond medicine and include therapies and counselling. 

Cardiovascular diseases:

• This involves the prevention diagnosis and management of various cardiovascular diseases using a non-surgical approach
• The treatments are catheter-based and performed with the help of detailed imaging guidance. Test procedures are often referred to as cardiac catheterization procedures. 
• Internal medicine can be applied to addressing conditions like chronic coronary heart disease, arrhythmia, acute myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure. 
• Internal medicine also involves the evaluation of the patient's medical history, physical examination, laboratory testing and screening. 

Endocrinology, metabolism and diabetes:

• It is a branch of internal medicine that deals with the diseases and ailments of the endocrine system, which is responsible for the secretion of various vital hormones. 
• Endocrine problems are usually a result of excessive or insufficient secretion of a hormone. It can also be a result of the inability of the hormones to carry out their functions properly
• Common endocrine problems include diabetes, hypothalamic disorders, pituitary diseases, parathyroid diseases, thyroid problems, adrenal cortex dysfunction, gonadal diseases, bone metabolism, etc. 

Gastroenterology:

• Gastroenterology deals with the diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract
• Internal medicine offers non-surgical treatment modalities like endoscopy. 
• Common gastrointestinal problems include oesophagus disorder, inflammatory bowel disease, Wilson's disease, and functional bowel disorder

Haematology:

• Haematology deals with the diagnosis and management of various diseases, disorders and malignancies, which affect the blood, bone marrow and lymphatic systems
• Common conditions include anaemia, clotting problems, blood cancers, infections and congenital disorders

Infectious diseases:

• Internal medicine can be used in the diagnosis, prevention and management of various infections. 
• This is a highly specialised branch that requires a detailed understanding of various microbial agents.
• Certain infectious diseases can be easily managed by vaccination. 
• Common infection-causing agents include bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. 

Medical oncology:

• Medical oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and management of malignant and benign neoplasms.
• It deals with the assessment of various risk factors, investigation of the symptoms, staging of cancer and treatment via a non-surgical approach. 

Rheumatology:

• Internal medicine can be applied in the diagnosis and management of various rheumatic and musculoskeletal conditions. 
• Common conditions include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, spondyloarthropathies, vasculitis, polymyalgia rheumatic, polymyositis, osteoporosis, and fibromyalgia. 

Geriatrics:

• Geriatric medicine primarily focuses on catering to the medical needs of older patients and addresses complex health issues, that call for the need for specialised care. 
• It aims at promoting good health by offering various non-surgical modalities for the prevention and treatment of a wide spectrum of diseases and disabilities in the older population
• Common conditions include cognitive impairments, bladder and bowel incontinence, visual impairment, hearing problems, etc. 

Nephrology:

• It involves the diagnosis, treatment and assessment of problems related to the Kidneys and associated structures. 
• Internal medicine focuses on addressing primary kidney disorders as well as the systemic complications of kidney dysfunction. 
• General internal medicine practice includes the prevention and identification of kidney diseases in early stages and their timely management. 

Pulmonary diseases and sleep medicine:

• Pulmonary medicine is concerned with the diagnosis and management of ailments concerning the lungs and associated structures. 
• It deals with structural abnormalities, inflammatory diseases, infections, pulmonary vascular diseases, neoplastic disorders, and occupational and environmental impact on the lungs. 
• Common conditions include asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease, lung cancer, pulmonary hypertension, tuberculosis and cystic fibrosis. 
• Sleep medicine focuses on private problems related to sleep, which include sleep apnea and insomnia. 

Sports medicine:

• Sports medicine primarily aim at offering various non-surgical modalities for treating and preventing injuries. It also focuses on the physical fitness of the individuals.
• It involves injury prevention, assessment, of acute injuries, exercise rehabilitation and training advice. 

Critical care : 

• Critical care medicine focuses on the management of critically ill patients who require intensive care. 
• This also involves very complicated ethical and social issues including end-of-life decisions, counselling of the patient and family members, and advance directives. 
• Critical care medicine also focuses on palliative care for terminally ill patients, such as those suffering from end-stage cancer.