Nipah virus is a rare but potentially deadly zoonotic infection spread mainly through fruit bats, contaminated food, and close contact with infected individuals, causing symptoms from fever and breathing problems to severe brain inflammation. There is no specific cure or vaccine, so early detection, supportive care, and strict prevention measures are essential to reduce the risk of severe complications and outbreaks.
In the year 1998, the Nipah virus was detected in Malaysia and Singapore, where it evolved into an ominous strain, knitting a narrative of peril and enigma. It becomes increasingly important that we comprehend the subtleties of emerging viruses like the Nipah virus as we navigate the spheres of global health. This virus belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family and can be transmitted from animals to humans.
Combined with its high mortality rate, it is placed in the category of dangerous zoonotic viruses. It is vital to be observant of symptoms like high fever, nausea, vomiting, headache, breathing difficulties, and confusion for early detection.
In recent years, the Nipah virus has continued to reappear sporadically in different parts of Asia. In January 2026, new Nipah virus cases were detected in India, once again drawing attention to this rare but deadly virus.
In this blog, we will embark on a detailed journey to understand the Nipah virus, its outbreaks, symptoms, causes, prevention, treatment, and the facts and myths associated with it.
Please note that this blog is for informational purposes only and does not replace professional medical consultation.
Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic virus that spreads between animals and humans. It spreads primarily through fruit bats, also known as flying foxes, which act as the natural reservoirs of the virus. However, the virus can also be transmitted through intermediate hosts such as pigs and other animals, including cats, dogs, and horses.
The virus is transmitted when:
One of the most effective ways to prevent Nipah virus infection is to avoid exposure to infected or sick animals, especially in regions where the virus is known to circulate. This includes avoiding food products that may be contaminated by bats or other infected animals.
Human-to-human transmission is possible and usually occurs through bodily fluids, which is why infection control is critical in hospitals and caregiving environments.
NiV disease can lead to mild illness, severe neurological complications, or death. There is currently no specific antiviral medicine or licensed vaccine for Nipah virus, and treatment is limited to supportive care.
Here are the initial symptoms of the Nipah virus:
Symptoms usually begin within 4 to 14 days after exposure, though in some rare cases, the incubation period may extend up to 21 days.
People infected with Nipah virus often complain of high fever, headache, and respiratory symptoms. In some cases, the disease can progress rapidly.
Severe symptoms include:
In serious cases, patients develop acute encephalitis (brain inflammation), which can be fatal or lead to long-term neurological complications.
Nipah virus outbreaks have been reported frequently in parts of South and Southeast Asia, especially in Bangladesh and India.
According to official reports from national and global health authorities, two laboratory-confirmed cases of Nipah virus infection were detected in January 2026 in Barasat, North 24 Parganas district of West Bengal, India.
Both patients were healthcare workers from the same private hospital. Symptoms began in late December 2025, and laboratory confirmation was carried out by the National Institute of Virology (NIV), Pune.
Key details of the 2026 update include:
The World Health Organization (WHO) assessed the risk as moderate at the local level and low at national and global levels. No travel or trade restrictions were advised.
Health authorities strengthened surveillance, infection prevention protocols, and public awareness efforts. This update highlights that Nipah virus can emerge outside previously affected regions, especially in healthcare settings.
One of the primary causes of Nipah virus infection is direct contact with infected animals, especially bats, or exposure to their bodily fluids. Other contributing factors include:
If you live in or travel to areas where Nipah virus is present, take the following precautions:
There is currently no specific antiviral treatment for Nipah virus. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and includes:
Early diagnosis and timely supportive care significantly improve survival chances.
The Nipah virus is a serious zoonotic disease primarily associated with bats and pigs. Avoiding exposure to infected animals, contaminated food, and infected individuals remains the most effective preventive strategy.
The January 2026 cases in West Bengal reinforce the importance of surveillance, early detection, and infection-control practices. While outbreaks remain rare, vigilance is essential.
If you have recently travelled to an affected area and experience symptoms such as fever, headache, or difficulty breathing, consult a healthcare provider immediately.
The Nipah virus was first identified in 1998 in Malaysia and Singapore.
It spreads through fruit bats, infected animals, contaminated food, and close contact with infected individuals.
A Nipah outbreak occurs when zoonotic transmission leads to human infections, sometimes followed by human-to-human spread.
Yes, it can be life-threatening, but early medical care improves survival.
Written and Verified by:
Dr. Aparna Pande is a Consultant in Critical Care Medicine Dept. at CK Birla Hospital, Jaipur, with over 7 years of experience. She specializes in managing sepsis, ICU nutrition, weaning from mechanical ventilation, and proning in ARDS.
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